Hamlets Humanness :: essays research papers

Sometimes the only way to describe something is to give their antithesis or archetype. We already learned from Poloniuss tautologous description of desextlements antic behavior how not to define. He says, Your noble son is mad./Mad I call I it, for to define true madness,/What ist exactly to be nothing else but mad? (II, ii). Although Shakespe bes description on macrocosm human takes a whole play, he does a little stop than Polonius. Shakespeare displays the sometimes murky relationship between God and man by showing God and junctures plans adjacent to each other. This relationship is edit in real life terms for the audience to see. The Tragedy of Hamlet reveals what it is to be human is to not be God, to not be God is to not be perfect, and not to be perfect is to be flawed. Shakespeare even goes so far as to illustrate how humans should act using a scruples in light of their flaws.These flaws arise in Hamlets deviation from Gods plan as brought to light by the Ghost. Wheth er or not those flaws are forgiven is a different question a question we should not answer. In fact, this is where Hamlet goes wrong with Gods message from the ghost, proved as being a spirit of health not goblin damned (I, iv), by Claudiuss reaction to the play that shall prick his conscience, Lights (III, ii) Hamlet is supposed to Leave mother to enlightenment (I, v). Hamlet forgets this part of the plan as he erupts in a not so casual castigation, You go not till I set you up a glass...And let me wring your heart (III, iv) suggesting hell call her out on her actions himself. Hamlet also deviates from Gods plan when he doesnt kill Claudius because he may send him to a place Hamlet thinks he does not deserve Heaven. He waits to kill and says, Then self-gratification him, that his hells may kick at Heaven/And that his soul may be as damned and black/As Hell, whereto it goes (III, iii). Hamlet shows us his flaws, how his plans of action are different from Gods, the differences human s have from God and in turn gives a small picture of what it is to be human.The conscience is used in the play Hamlet for many important reasons. It is used to bring justice and to reveal failures and shortcomings.

The Power of Love in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Salesman essay

The Power of Love in Death of a Sales humanness Love is one of the most mistake emotions that one can experience. It is simple yet complicated, unconditional but demanding, overused and unique. It is hard to explain what its means to feel love, to feel loved, or to be in love, however, in that respect are aspects of love that are easily expressed. For example, ones unquestionable affection to the one they love, or the hardships and sacrifice that is endured for loved ones, and the underlying fact that once it is experienced it is non easily dismissed. The reckon Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller describes love in just these ways, and, most of all, as the ultimate moral value that is the ever-living bond that keeps people together. One can take care this in the love that Linda has for her husband Willy, the unmistakable devotion that Willy has to his family, and the masked love that Biff has for his father, Willy. Before experiencing the play Death of a Salesman the reader or viewer must understand the family standards that were in place during the time period that the play was set. It was a time where the man of the house had the final word in everything. The woman of the house was the follower of the man through any hardships, and never overstepped her role. Linda is that woman, always putting her needs sanction to Willys. She is the eternal wife and mother, the point of affection both given and received, the woman who suffers and endures for her family. Lindas love for Willy is unquestionably pure and unconditional No. You cant just come to see me, because I love him. Hes the dearest man in the world to me, and I wont have anyone making him feel unwanted and low and blue. Youve got to make up your ... ... that love makes is extremely strong, and can withstand the strongest and longest tests that humankind could put it through. It is everlasting, and beautiful to experience. Sources Field, B.S. Death of a Salesman Twent ieth Century Literature. January, 1972. 19-24. Rpt. in World literary Criticism. Ed. Frank Magill. Arthur Miller Detroit Gale Research, 1992. 2366-2368. Hoeveler, D. J. Redefining Love Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Modern Critical Interpretations. Ed. Harold Blum. Philadelphia Chelsea House, 1988. 72-81. Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. Gerald Weales, ed. New York Penguin, 1996 Parker, Brian. Point of View in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman. Arthur Miller A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Robert Corrigan. Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall, 1969. 98-107.

James Joyces Araby - Analysis of Araby :: Joyce Dubliners Araby Essays

James Joyces Araby In James Joyces short story Araby, several different micro-cosms be evident. The story demonstrates adolescence, maturity, and public disembodied spirit in Dublin at that time. As the lecturer, you learn how this city has grown to destroy this young boys life and hopes, and create the person that he is as a narrator. In Araby, the mature narrator and not the naive boy is the storys protagonist.(Coulthard) Throughout the story this is easily shown, especially when it refers to the hour when the Christian Brothers school set the boys free.(Joyce 2112) Although they were freed, they were placed into an equally grim world, where not even play brought pleasure.(Coulthard) Joyce demonstrates this culture by showing a boys love for a female child throughout the story. This young boy, is completely mystified by this girl, but at the end, the girl is replaced by the girl with an English accent attending the booth at the bazaar. This shows the power and p ersuasiveness that England has at that time over Dublin. The antagonist in this story, which can easily be determined is the culture and life in Dublin. This has a great effect on the boy and the rest of the people from this city. Dublin is referred to as the center of paralyses,(Internet) and indeed sterile.(Joyce) This plays a huge role in the forming of this boys life, where on that point is no fun. Araby is a story of a soul-shriveling Irish asceticism, which renders hopes and dreams not only foolish, but sinful.(Coulthard) In the story, the only thing that the young boy has to look preceding to is buying something for the girl he loves, and in the end he cant even do that and by making the final characters English, the story leaves an impact on the reader about the Dublin society. It shows the antagonist of the story to be a repressive Dublin culture.(Coulthard) Through this allegorical piece, the reader can understand the harsh life that people are forced to de al with in Dublin society. The narrator has become embittered rather than wiser, which was his destiny from the first for desiring

Margaret Laurences A Bird in the House Essay -- Laurence A Bird in th

Margaret Laurences A Bird in the House Margaret Laurences A Bird in the House differentiates itself from the quadruplet other novels that make up the Manawaka series that has helped establish her as an icon of Canadian literature. It does not present a single story instead, it is a compilation of eight well-crafted short stories (written between the years 1962 and 1970) that intertwine and combine into a single level, working as a whole without losing the essential independence of the parts. It tells - at to the lowest degree on a surface level - of the childhood of a young girl named Vanessa MacLeod , and of her trials and tribulations in the small Manitoban town of Manawaka. The narrative style of the stories is important, since it is with Vanessas own eyes that we learn of her family and life - yet the eyes belong to an older, wiser Vanessa, remembering her own childhood from a future point years later. Laurence handles the narrative style quite cleverly the expe riences of the child-Vanessa are portrayed with all the innocence and navety and shock that first accompanied them, yet are also corrupted and clarified by the wisdom of the older-Vanessa. ... the narrator becomes Vanessa, the woman, who takes on the voice and attributes of the child she was and, at the same time, remains her present self, far older and wiser in compassionateness and understanding.1 It is the perspective of the older and wiser Vanessa that allows the reader to pick up on the important ideas, images, and themes that the author is trying to convey to us. A Bird in the House is far more than semi-autobiographical, is far more than the simple story of a young girl growing up in the prairies during the great economic crisis it is a work of... ...e. The tightness of Laurences weaving is remarkable the symbols, the characters, and the characters are drawn together into a cohesive whole. ... the characters reflect the books central metaphor and are and so symb olically interconnected ... the stories chart how they are all caught up in parallel captivities and engaged in divergent flights. (Davidson 99) They are, indeed, all drawn together by the bird in the house.Works Cited1. qtd. in Davidson, Arnold E. Cages and Escapes in Margaret Laurences A Bird in the House. University of Windsor Review 16 (1981) 95.2.Margaret Laurence, A Bird in the House (Toronto McClelland & Stewart Inc., 1970), 43. every last(predicate) further references are to this edition and are included in my text.3. Jon Kertzer, That House in Manawaka Margaret Laurences A Bird in the House (Toronto ECW Press, 1992), 57.

Globalization and the International Monetary Community Essay -- Econom

Executive SummaryOur world is steadily shrinking. Technology is construct bridges over the barriers of distance, language, and culture. Its a process called ball-shapedization, and it is changing the instruction we live. Financial institutions havent been immune to the effects of this change. In fact, the inter subject area record of financial institutions makes them particularly vulnerable to change. This paper addresses three issues caused by the globalization of the international monetary community. First this paper examines the victory of the Euro, and the implications for the formation of a global currency. Then this paper formulas at the issue of devaluation, and by comparing successful and unsuccessful devaluations tries to determine what factors make a devaluation work. Finally this paper will look at the trend toward dollarization, and whether or not dollarization is the best solution for struggling economies. This paper contends that the power of globalization i s forcing the international monetary community to address these issues. The success of the Euro makes a global currency seem like a logical step in the evolution of currency, even though sentimental attachment to national currency would make a global currency unpopular. Devaluation of national currency is only effective for nation with substantial foreign investment and high applied science exports. Dollarization solves many problems for struggling economies in the short term, but at some point these nations should consider joining a Multi-Lateral Monetary Union. These changes and more are reforming the way we think about money. While some of the solutions proposed here will only become feasible years in the future, some of the problems discussed affect us t... ...Peiers, Bettina. Dollarization in Developing Countries Rational Remedy or Domestic Dilemma?. Contemporary Economic Policy. Jul96, Vol. 14 put out 3, p30.Meyer, L.H. The Euro in the International Financial System . Federal bind Bank of Minneapolis, Vol. 25-27, Issue 2, p58. OMara, Richard. Argentinas deep, empty pockets. Christian Science Monitor. 4/2/2002, Vol. 94 Issue 89, p9.Ring in the New. Economist. 1/5/2002 Vol. 362 Issue 8254, p22.Schulmeister, Stephan. Globalization Without Global Money The Double Role of the Dollar as National Currency and World Currency. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Spring2000, Vol. 22 Issue 3, p365.The Myth of Eurocreep. Economist. 1/5/2002, Vol. 362 Issue 8254, p43.von Furstenberg, George. A Case Against U.S. Dollarization. Challenge. Jul/Aug2000, Vol. 43 Issue 4, p108.

Globalization and the International Monetary Community Essay -- Econom

Executive SummaryOur world is steadily shrinking. Technology is building bridges over the barriers of distance, language, and culture. Its a process called globalization, and it is changing the way we live. financial institutions havent been immune to the effects of this change. In fact, the supranational nature of financial institutions makes them particularly vulnerable to change. This penning addresses three issues caused by the globalization of the international monetary community. First this paper examines the success of the Euro, and the implications for the formation of a global currency. Then this paper looks at the issue of devaluation, and by comparing successful and goalless devaluations tries to determine what factors make a devaluation work. Finally this paper will look at the trend toward dollarization, and whether or not dollarization is the best solution for struggling economies. This paper contends that the power of globalization is forcing the internationa l monetary community to address these issues. The success of the Euro makes a global currency seem like a logical feeling in the evolution of currency, even though sentimental attachment to national currency would make a global currency unpopular. Devaluation of national currency is solo effective for nation with substantial foreign investment and high technology exports. Dollarization solves many problems for struggling economies in the short term, but at some even out these nations should consider joining a Multi-Lateral Monetary Union. These changes and more are reforming the way we think about money. While some of the solutions proposed here will only require feasible years in the future, some of the problems discussed affect us t... ...Peiers, Bettina. Dollarization in Developing Countries Rational Remedy or Domestic Dilemma?. Contemporary scotch Policy. Jul96, Vol. 14 Issue 3, p30.Meyer, L.H. The Euro in the International Financial System. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Vol. 25-27, Issue 2, p58. OMara, Richard. Argentinas deep, empty pockets. Christian Science Monitor. 4/2/2002, Vol. 94 Issue 89, p9.Ring in the New. Economist. 1/5/2002 Vol. 362 Issue 8254, p22.Schulmeister, Stephan. Globalization Without Global Money The Double Role of the Dollar as case Currency and World Currency. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Spring2000, Vol. 22 Issue 3, p365.The Myth of Eurocreep. Economist. 1/5/2002, Vol. 362 Issue 8254, p43.von Furstenberg, George. A Case Against U.S. Dollarization. Challenge. Jul/Aug2000, Vol. 43 Issue 4, p108.

Phnom Penh

I was born in Kampong Cham Province and I have go to live in Phnom Penh since I finished my high up school. When I first came here in Phnom Penh, I felt truly surprise and scare. The building and populate were far different from my hometown. I got around Phnom Penh by motorbike for a first few days. I saw many high rise buildings in particular the citys French colonial buildings were beautiful. I saw some different kind of transportation that running on the road such as modern car, Motorbikes, Motorbike-taxis (motodops), Taxis were on tap(predicate) at a few locations, Tuk-tuks, and Cyclos.There transportations were in the great amount if compared to my province and it sometimes caused a very serious traffic jam and accidents. I also went to the Royal Palace which no photography was allowed inside the Silver Pagoda and some of the Palace buildings. You were expected to dress decently (no bare legs or shoulders). Beside this, I went to Wat Phnom. I liked the park there. It was a pleasant green space and a everyday gathering place for locals.A few monkeys kept billet there as well and will helped themselves to any drinks you leave unattended. After that I went to Independence and Liberation memorials. Impressive Buddhist-style Independence Memorial, commemorating the departure of the French in 1953, dominated the centre of the city. Nearby was the very ugly Stalin-style Liberation Memorial, marking the Vietnamese capture of the city in 1979. The area was especially popular on weekend nights with locals when the multi-colored fountains were activated and communal music was played.I took several pictures there and got some rest. I also went to Sorya shopping center which located at the south of the Central Market. Its on a North-South Street on the west side. It is currently Phnom Penhs main Western-style mall. It is air-conditioned and contains a range of cheap fast-food outlets as well as a well-stocked supermarket named Lucky Supermarket. You can do sho pping, eating, drinking, playing game and whatsoever. Everything is served here.After I live in Phnom Penh for many years, I feel that it is all in all different from my province. Phnom Penh is developing very fast. Many high buildings were built, many companies were established and the whole citys infrastructures are constructing rapidly. One I feel very anxious about is people here are competing for each other very aggressively. If you are not smart enough and you dont high education, you will be jobless, isolate and demise from the society.

Rather the officials should have spoken

In the essay the write is attempting to protect the rights of free spoken communication through persuasion rather than through threats and intimidations. In promoting his views, the author cites the example of an incident that as wellk place at Harvard.It is the authors contention that the university officials should not excite enforced their rules on the offending students. Rather the officials should have spoken with the students in order to cooperate them understand the effect that their action would have on the consist of the community. In developing his perspective, the author brings to light the dilemma that the first amendment presents in allowing such displays. even so the author also suggests a way out. He is enquire the university officials not to enforce any kind of rules on such displays.It is his contention that such a course of action will only generate to a greater extent interest in such behaviors and therefore a vicious cycle will result. In other words, the a uthor is suggesting that the university official should not urinate too much publicity in dealing with such an issue.The authors purpose in the essay is to explore the different ways in which arguments oer free vernacular can be resolved. The incident that he mentions has to do with some students hanging a confederate flag in view.The First Amendment permits this. However it offends other members of the community. Therefore this is a difficult issue to resolve. On the one hand, university officials should not restrict the expression of free speech. On the other hand, they cannot allow independence of speech to offend other members of the community.The author also mentions that some communities have enacted codes to resolve such situations while others have refused to impose such restrictions. The authors purpose in this essay is to find a middle way. This is because enacting codes will only generate more interest in the area so that masses will resort to more extreme forms of fr ee speech.Refusing to impose restrictions will also not solve the problem because in this case the rights of free speech will be abused. The purpose of the author in this essay is to suggest a different way in which the issues raised can be resolved.In promoting his views, the author is citing examples of an incident that occurred at Harvard. This incident forms the core of this essay. Resolving the issues raised in this situation forms the structure of the essay. In developing the structure, the author draws upon the First Amendment to resolve the issue.However he brings to light how the First Amendment fails to resolve the situation that arose at Harvard. Therefore he argues for a greater level of communication with the students in order to help them dissolve for themselves whether what they did was right or wrong. The author believes that this is the only way for the university officials to resolve the situation with the minimum of publicity.The author believes that the publicit y that will result from enforcing restrictions will have the opponent effect. Therefore the university officials should try to resolve the issue internally by talking to the students. In presenting his views, the author argued the validity of imposing restrictions when such restrictions will only create more interest in the problem.The author clearly sympathizes with the students right to do what they did. However he seeks to communicate the importance of talking to the students in order to help them understand why what they could be considered subversive. He brings to light the fact that the students are clearly in their rights to hang the flag as it is permitted by the First Amendment.However he also argues over the inappropriateness of this action. He advises against enforcing restrictions. He believes that this will only create more awareness of this problem so that other students will be interested to create similar situations.Clearly it is in the university officials interest to minimize the number of these incidents and to that end, the university officials should resolve such situations privately by discussing the issues with the students.Therefore the author seeks to find a deuce-ace way other than enforcing codes or doing nothing. In this respect, he stresses the importance of maintaining the balance between free speech and mutual respect. He says that this objective can be met through education and persuasion.

Family Youth Communtiy Sciences

irresolution 1 of 25 0. 4/ 0. 4 Points Theories ar vital tools because they D. provide organizing frameworks for our observations of children. interrogatory 2 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points The stage concept assumes that change is A. cultivation is a process of gradu eachy adding much of the same types of skills that were there to begin with. B. change is fairly sudden rather than gradual and ongoing. C. infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do. D. development is a smooth, continuous process. Question 3 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Dr. Kudrow views development as open to change in response to prestigious experiences.Dr. Kudrow probably emphasizes A. plasticity. B. stages. C. stability. D. heredity. Question 4 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points The most consistent asset of resilient children is A. being identified as gifted. B. a unassailable bond to a competent, caring adult. C. access to high-quality child care. D. high self-confidence. Question 5 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Which of the following is true some Charles Darwins section to developmental theories? A. He proved that the development of the human child following the same general plan as the evolution of the human species. B.He launched the prescriptive approach, in which measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to establish typical development. C. He proved that human development is a genetically determined process that unfolds automatically, much like a flower. D. Scientific child study was born out of his first attempts to document an idea about development. Question 6 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Alfred Binet and Theodore Simons intelligence test was developed as a way to A. measure individual differences in development as a function of race, gender, and birth order.B. accurately predict school achievement and vocational success. C. identify children with learning problems who needed to be placed in special classes. D. d ocument developmental improvements in childrens intellectual functioning. Question 7 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Which of the following is a reason the psychoanalytical linear perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development research? A. Psychoanalytic theorists become isolated from the rest of the field because they failed to consider the early parent-child relationship. B.Many psychoanalytic ideas, such as ego functioning, are too vague to be tested empirically. C. Psychoanalytic theorists accept the clinical method in which age-related averages are computed to represent typical development. D. Modern researchers have demonstrated that personality development does not take place in stages. Question 8 of 25 0. 4/ 0. 4 Points When John Watson taught Albert, an 11-month-old infant, to fear a neutral stimulus by presenting it several times with a sharp, loud sound, Watson applied _____________________ to childrens behavior. A. classical conditioning. Question 9 of 25 0. / 0. 4 Points Every time 10-month-old Rita eats a pea, her father claps and says, Good girl In response to her fathers praise, Rita excitedly eats the remaining peas. Ritas behavior is an illustration of ____________. A. operant conditioning. Question 10 of 25 0. 4/ 0. 4 Points At home, Pauls parents hit him as punishment for misbehavior. At preschool, Paul angrily hits a playfellow who takes his toy. According to amicable learning possibleness, Paul is displaying ________________. D. observational learning. Question 11 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Both behaviorism and social learning surmisal have been criticized forA. presenting ideas that are too vague to test empirically. B. underestimating childrens contributions to their own development. C. everyplaceestimating childrens contributions to their own development. D. emphasizing nature over nurture. Question 12 of 25 0. 4/ 0. 4 Points According to Piagets theory, in the sensorimotor stage, children D. think by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, hands, and mouth. Question 13 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Which of the following is a desexation of Piagets theory? A. Piagets stagewise account overemphasizes social and cultural influences on development. B.He overestimated the competencies of infants and young children. C. Adolescents generally reach their full intellectual potential in all areas, regardless of education and experience. D. Childrens performance on Piagetian problems can be improved with training. Question 14 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Both Piagets theory and the information-processing perspective A. focus on the development of imagination and creativity. B. regard perception, memory, and problem solving as similar at all ages. C. regard children as fighting(a) beings who modify their own thinking in response to environmental demands.D. emphasize the importance of equilibration in producing higher levels of thinking. Question 15 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Sociocultural theory, ethology, ecological s ystems theory, and dynamic system theory all focus on A. contexts for development. B. childrens biological makeup. C. the adaptive value of behavior. D. how culture is transmitted to the next generation. Question 16 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points According to Vygotskys theory, A. todays lifestyles differ so radically from those of our evolutionary ancestors that certain evolved behaviors are no longer adaptive. B. hildren revise senseless ideas in their ongoing efforts to achieve equilibrium between internal structures and every-day information. C. social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a communitys culture. D. children shape their own development during both sensitive and critical developmental periods. Question 17 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Which of the following behaviors is consistent with Vygotskys theory? A. Yesica, a child candy seller with no schooling, develops sophisticated mathsematical abilities as a result of her w ork. B.When his mother takes him to the grocery store, Tom is well-behaved because he knows that his mother will reward him with candy. C. When playing in her sandbox, Amy builds the same sort of castle that she observed her best friend building yesterday. D. When working on her math homework, Michelle tries several solutions out front she arrives at the correct answer. Question 18 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points In Bronfenbrenners ecological systems theory, the __________ encompasses connections between microsystems, such as home, school, and neighborhood. C. mesosystem Question 19 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 PointsWhich of the following recent theoretical perspectives can best explain why Easton never crawled on his hands and knees before he learned how to walk? A. evolutionary developmental psychology B. dynamic systems perspective C. ecological systems theory D. sociocultural theory Question 20 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Both _____________ and _____________ stress changes in thinking. A. cognitive-d evelopmental theory information-processing theory B. ethology psychoanalytic theory C. dynamic systems theory ecological systems theory D. behaviorism social learning theory Question 21 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 PointsWhich of the following is true about structured observation? A. It permits greater control over the research situation than does naturalistic observation. B. It provides rich, descriptive insights into processes of development of one individual. C. It is especially useful for studying behaviors commonly seen in everyday life. D. It usually takes place in a field, or natural environment, rather than in the laboratory. Question 22 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Dr. Snyder used the clinical method to obtain a richly detailed case narrative about Charlie, a 10-year-old college student. Dr. Snyder should be aware that A. he information will help him understand the cultural root word to which Charlie belongs. B. he cannot assume that his conclusions apply, or generalize, to anyone other th an Charlie. C. information collected using the clinical method cannot offer insight into factors affecting development. D. ethical guidelines will limit their contact to one or two sessions. Question 23 of 25 0. 4/ 0. 4 Points A correlation of +. 55 between preschool attendance and self-esteem indicates that children who attend preschool have D. moderately higher self-esteem scores than children who do not attend preschool. Question 24 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 PointsIn an effort to overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental designs, Dr. Francisco used the ___________ design. A. experimental B. correlational C. sequential D. longitudinal Question 25 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points When children take part in research, the ethical concerns are especially complex because A. children do not have the same privacy rights as adults. B. immaturity makes it ambitious for children to evaluate themselves what participation in research will mean. C. while adults are more undefendable to psy chological harm, children are sometimes exploited. D. children are less vulnerable than adults to physical harm.

Sky Team 2

Team, branded as SKYTEAM, is an airmanshipline alliancewith its centralised management team, SkyTeam Central, base in the orbit Trade Center Schiphol stationport on the grounds ofAmsterdam transmission lineport SchipholinHaarlemmermeer,Netherlands. 23SkyTeam was founded in 2000 byAeromexico, agate line France,Delta personal credit line LinesandKorean Air the decision of the trine air lane alliances to be formed but has grown to give out second largest airline alliance in the world (in passenger number damage and members), behindStar concretionand ahead ofO revolutionaryorld.The alliance currently consists of thirteen carriers from four continents, with the sloganCaring more about you. SkyTeam also operates a lode alliance calledSkyTeam Cargo. As of October 2010, the alliance and its members allow a match workforce of 316,445. 4 In 2004, the alliance had the biggest expansion whenContinental Airlines,KLMand northwesterly Airlines link uped simultaneously as full members. In 2010, the alliance celebrated its 10thanniversary with the introduction of aSkyTeam livery, the get togethering of and upgrading of military position 4 airlines, followed by the announcements ofAerolineas Argentinas,mainland china eastern Airlines,China AirlinesandGaruda Indonesiato create full members. As of October 2010, SkyTeam and its future members flies to 898 in 169 countries. It operates over 12,500 flights with a combined fleet of 3,400 aircraft (including helper carriers). Furthermore, the alliance has 420 lounges worldwide to serve its 385milliony previous(predicate) passengers.Besides its passenger-carrying business, SkyTeam also runs a separate shipment alliance SkyTeam Cargo which partners eightcarrierswho are all SkyTeam members. Contentshide * 1 processship history * 1. 1Formations and early years * 1. 2Biggest expansion * 1. 320052006 * 1. 42007 expansion * 1. 520082009 expiration of airlines and new initiatives * 1. 610th anniversary * 2 component airlin es * 2. 1Full members and their member & non-member affiliates * 2. Former members * 2. 3Future members * 2. 3. 1 practicable future members * 3SkyTeam Cargo * 4Benefits and services * 4. 1Members hubs * 4. 2Co-locations * 4. 2. 1Asia * 4. 2. 2Europe * 4. 2. 3North America * 4. 3Premium status * 4. 3. 1SkyTeam elect(ip) * 4. 3. 2SkyTeam Elite Plus * 5SkyTeam especial(a) livery * 6Foot nones * 7External links - editMembership history editFormations and early yearsADelta Air LinesBoeing 757-200(N717TW)in the SkyTeam livery On 22 June 2000, representatives of the four cornerstone carriersAeromexico,Air France,Delta Air LinesandKorean Airheld a meeting in New York to announce the founding of the thirdairline alliance, visitdSkyTeam. 5Upon the formation, SkyTeam, would offer its customers a total of 6402 daily flights to 451 destinations, in 98 countries. In September 2000, the alliance established a cargo alliance,SkyTeam Cargo, as it focuses more on cargo operations.5The groups scratch lineup members are Aeromexpress, Air France Cargo, Delta Air Logistics and Korean Air Cargo. The following month, the newly-established airline alliance announced its intentions to grantCSA Czechoslovakian Airlinesmembership. 5 The year 2001 saw the joining ofCSA Czech Airlineson 25 March5andAlitaliaon 27 July. 6On 30 September, the alliance received KLMs application for membership,7following the airlines plans to create a leading airline group with Air France. 7In 2003,Deltas subsidiaryDelta channelwas replaced by call. That same year, SkyTeam also launched an improved website, focused on providing passengers with more information, increased interactivity, and other resources. 8 editBiggest expansion ACzech AirlinesATR 42(OK-JFL). The airline was the world-class recruit following the alliances formation On 24 may 2004,Aeroflot, theflag carrierand principal airline of Russia, subscribe aMemorandum of Understanding(MoU) with SkyTeam as it intends to become a full membe r.The event took place inKremlin, following the airlines application earlier in the year for membership. 910SkyTeam says that Aeroflot has not met the consortiums standards, but the airlines large hub networks makes it ideal for the alliance. 11 On 28 August,China confederationern Airlines, the largest carrier in thePeoples democracy of China, signed a preliminary agreement inGuangzhou, in its bid to become a full member. 12In the presence of a number of Chinese and airline officials, Yan Zhiqing, Chairman of China to the southern, said, This agreement-signing event is an grand step forward into the future for China Southern Airlines to adapt itself to the need of further reforms and aerofoiling to the international community, as it leave beef up the airlines international cooperation and ball-shaped competitiveness. On 13 September,Continental Airlines,KLMandNorthwest Airlinesjoined the alliance. 1314Their simultaneous entry was the largest expansion event in airline allia nce history.As a result of the three new members, SkyTeam passedOneworldto become the second largest alliance, serving more than 341millioncustomers with 14,320 daily flights to 658 destinations in 130 countries. 13 edit20052006 Even though member CSA Czech Airlines pledged to boosterMalev Hungarian Airlinesbecome an associate member of the alliance (as opposed to a full member, an associate has no voting rights), Malev Hungarian Airlines opted to join theOneworldalliance, signing a Memorandum Of Understanding late in May.A few days later SkyTeam announced four new associate members collectible to join by 2006, to each one one being sponsored by an existing memberMadrid-basedAir Europa(sponsored byAir France),Panama-basedCopa Airlines(sponsored and partly owned byContinental Airlines),Kenya Airways(sponsored and partly owned byKLM) andRomaniasTAROM(sponsored byAlitalia). Every associate adopted afrequent zaper programof a full memberCopa Airlinesalready usedContinentalsOnePasswh ileKenya AirwaysandAir EuropausedAir France-KLMsFlying Blue.An Alitalia (the one which succeeds Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane) Boeing 767-300ER, registered as EI-DBP, is seen here in SkyTeamlivery. (2010) Aeroflotjoined on 14 April 2006 following a 24-month joining process since May 2004, the first Russian airline to be associated with an airline alliance. 1516Aeroflot has increased its operational standards, passing supranational Air Transport Associations (IATA)Operational Safety Audit(IOSA). Deltas subsidiary male childgcontinued to operate asDelta Air Lines.In June, it was announced thatPortugaliawould become the alliances next associate member ignoredidate, however, in November, rival airline (and Star Alliance member) tippytoe Portugal, purchased 99. 81% of the airline, bringing an end to its candidacy. 17 edit2007 expansion On 4 September 2007,Air Europa,Copa Airlines,Kenya Airwaysbecame members of SkyTeams Associate program, which was launched to serve airlines in strategic regions who are intending to become affiliated with the alliance. 1819China Southern Airlinesjoined SkyTeam on 15 November to become the 11th full member and the first carrier fromMainland Chinato join SkyTeam. 20Aeromexicos subsidiaryAerolitoralbecameAeromexico Connect. edit20082009 Departure of airlines and new initiatives AnAir FranceBoeing 777-300ER(F-GZNE)in the special SkyTeam livery, which was unveiled in 2009 Continental AirlinesandCopa Airlinesannounced their intentions to move to theStar Alliance subsequently Continentals final flight with SkyTeam on 24 October 2009. Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italianere-launched operations as the newAlitalia.In 2009, the alliance announced initiatives towards a centralised management system, based inAmsterdam. 21The consortium also named a new managing director and a timeline outlining the opening of its co-located facilities atLondon Heathrow Airport. A new special livery was also unveiled. 21On 24 October,Continental AirlinesandCopa Airline ssimultaneously left over(p) SkyTeam,22after which Continental Airlines would joinStar Allianceon 27 October. 23At the time, it was rumoured that the switch is Continentals initial move in its plan of a United-Continental merge. 24 edit10th anniversaryTo start off 2010,Northwest AirlinesandDelta Air Liness run certificates were formally combined on 1 January, while on 9 March,China Southern Airlinesannounced its plans to joinSkyTeam Cargo. 25With membership expected to be allow in November, the airline will be the first Chinese carrier to join a global air cargo alliance. On 16 April,China Eastern Airlinesannounced its intentions to join the alliance, with the official joining ceremony expected to take place mid-2011. 26The announcement came after the airlines merge withShanghai Airlines, a member of SkyTeams rival Star Alliance.On 10 June,Vietnam Airlinesbecame a full member following a joining ceremony held inHanoi. 27The airline, therefore, became the first SkyTeam carrier fro m Southeast Asia, whereStar Alliancehas a strong presence withSingapore Airlines. With an extra 20 unique destinations added to SkyTeams route map, Vietnam Airlines helps strengthen the alliances foothold in the region. 27 On 22 June, theCEOsandChairmenof the 13 member airlines gathered in New York to celebrate the alliances 10thanniversary.During its first decade of operation, the worlds second largest airline alliance more than tripled its membership, doubled it flights and nearly doubled the alliances destinations. 28On the same day, SkyTeam announced that it had renewed its membership program, thereby upgradingAir EuropaandKenya Airwaysmembership status from associate members to full members,2930and fashioning TAROM a future full member of the alliance. During the ceremony, the Board outlined its plans to recruit members fromLatin America,South AmericaandIndia. 28Three days later, TAROM officially became a member of SkyTeam. 31As part of the celebration, SkyTeam offered reduct ions of round-the-world fares32and other promotions. Following the 10thanniversary, SkyTeam intends to enhance customers travel experience and deepen co-operation among its members to supplement the expansion into regions that are yet to have SkyTeam members. 33 In South America, India and Africa, it is clear there will be a significant battle for positioning to lure good carriers in your alliance. Leo forefront Wijk, Chairman during a 10th anniversary event of SkyTeam34 During the year, Delta Air Lines offeredUS$1. 2 billion toJapan Airlinesafter theAsianairline filed forbankruptcydue to US$26 billion debt,35at the same time lobbyingOneworlds largest member in Asia to switch to SkyTeam. 36Delta, along withAmerican Airlines, wanted Japan Airlines to be in their respective alliances to benefit from the U. S. JapanOpen Skies agreement. Eventually, Japan Airlines opted to remain at Oneworld, citing that the transfer to SkyTeam would confuse its passengers, and may not gain anti-trus t immunity from U. S. regulators. 37 China Airlines will join SkyTeam as a full member in 2011.On 14 September, in space of 5 months, SkyTeam received its second application for full membership. China Airlines, the flag carrier and largest carrier of majority rule of China, announced that it has formally started the joining process. 38Upon joining, the airlines route network will supplement those ofChina Southern AirlinesandChina Eastern Airlines, allowing cooperation among the three airlines, as well as strengthening SkyTeams presence not only in both thePeoples Republic of Chinaand the Republic of China, but passim the Asia-peaceable region.The following month, October,Aerolineas Argentinaswould sign an agreement to officially start the process of becoming the firstSouth AmericanSkyTeam member. The airline is set to join in 2012. 394041 On 1 November,Shanghai Airlinesswitched fromStar Allianceto SkyTeam under its parent company, future SkyTeam member, China Eastern Airlines. 42Th is bolstered SkyTeams presence in the Peoples Republic of China and surrounding areas, making the SkyTeam the number 1 alliance in the region. 43Garuda Indonesia, the flag carrier of Indonesia, formally started its joining process on 23 November, and is scheduled to be integrated by 2012. 44Upon joining, the airline will become the second Southeast Asian airline to join SkyTeam, therefore challengingStar Alliances dominance in the region throughThai Airways world-wideandSingapore Airlines. - editMember airlines editFull members and their member & non-member affiliates Member airline Country matrimonyed Member affiliates Non-member affiliates Aeroflot Russia 2006 Donavia Nordavia RossiyaAeromexicoA Mexico 2000 Aeromexico Connect Aeromexico Travel Air Europa Spain 2007 Air FranceAB France 2000 brit Air metropolisJet Regional transavia. com France(60%) Alitalia Italy 2008 Alitalia Express Air One CityLiner Air One Smart Carrier China Southern Airlines China 2007 Chongqing Air lines Xiamen Airlines Czech Airlines Czech Republic 2001 Delta Air LinesA United States 2000 Delta Connection Delta Shuttle Delta AirElite Kenya Airways Kenya 2007 KLMB Netherlands 2004 KLM Cityhopper Martinair transavia. com transavia. com France(40%) transavia. om Denmark(until April 2011) Korean AirA South Korea 2000 Jin Air TAROM Romania 2010 Vietnam Airlines Vietnam 2010 Cambodia Angkor Air Vietnam Air Service Company (VASCO) AFounding member45 BAir France and KLM august Dutch Airlines are part of the airline holding companyAir France-KLM46 editFormer members Former member airline Country tieed Exited Member affiliates Alitalia-Linee Aeree ItalianeA Italy 2001 2008 Alitalia Express Volare Airlines Continental AirlinesB United States 2004 2009 Continental Connectionoperated by Cape Air Colgan Air CommutAir disjunctionstream multinational Airlines Continental Expressoperated by Chautauqua Airlines ExpressJet Airlines Continental Micronesia Northwest AirlinesC United S tates 2004 2009 Northwest Airlink AAlitaliare-launched operations in2008 BLeft the alliance to joinStar AlliancewithUnited Airlines CNorthwest Airlines operating certificate was combined with Delta Air Lines. Northwest Airlines ceased operating as a separate carrier and all of its flights now operate under the Delta Air Lines name Former member affiliate Country Joined Exited Member affiliate of AerolitoralA Mexico 2000 2007 AeromexicoDelta ExpressB United States 2000 2003 Delta Air Lines Song AirlinesC United States 2003 2006 Delta Air Lines VLM AirlinesD Belgium 2000 2009 Air France AA founding affiliate member and relaunched asAeromexico Connect. BA founding affiliate member. Replaced by Song Airlines. CSongs operations became part ofDeltas fleet. DA founding affiliate member and merged withCityJet. Former associate member Country Joined Exited Member affiliates Copa AirlinesA Panama 2007 2009 AeroRepublica ALeft the alliance on October 24, 2009 and will joinStar Alliancein mid-2 012. editFuture members China Eastern Airlineswill become a full member in mid-2011. Aerolineas Argentinaswill join SkyTeam as a full member in early 2012. Garuda Indonesiais set to join SkyTeam in 2012 Future member airline Country Joining Member affiliates Non-member affiliates Aerolineas Argentinas47 Argentina 2012 Austral Lineas Aereas China Airlines38 Taiwan Mid-2011 Mandarin Airlines China Eastern Airlines48 China Mid-2011 Shanghai Airlines Garuda Indonesia444950 Indonesia Early-2012 Citilink editPossible future membersAirline Country Member affiliates Non-member affiliates Aer Lingus51 Ireland Aer Lingus Regional Air Algerie52 Algeria Gulf Air53 Bahrain Jet Airways5455 India Jet Konnect JetLite Malaysia Airlines56 Malaysia MASwings Firefly Middle East Airlines Lebanon Saudi Arabian Airlines57 Saudi Arabia - editSkyTeam Cargo Main articleSkyTeam Cargo SkyTeam Cargo is is a cargo division of SkyTeam. SkyTeam Cargo is the bigger f the worlds two cargo alliances, ah ead of its rivalWOW Alliance. The cargo alliance partners eight members from the passenger alliance Aeromexpress,Air France Cargo,Alitalia Cargo,China Southern Cargo,CSA Cargo,Delta Air Logistics,KLM CargoandKorean Air Cargo. - editBenefits and services editMembers hubs RomeDa Vinci Airport remnant 1 Amsterdam Airport Schiphol capital of Red China Capital International Airport last-place 2 Mexico City International Airport Terminal 2 Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport Terminal 1 Member Airline Country Hub Airport(s)Aeroflot Russia Sheremetyevo International Airport(Moscow) Aerolineas Argentinas(future member) Argentina Argentina Aeroparque Jorge Newbery(Buenos Aires) Ministro Pistarini International Airport(Buenos Aires) Aeromexico Mexico Mexico City International Airport Air Europa Spain Madrid Barajas Airport Air France France Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport Alitalia Italy Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport(Rome) China Airlines(future member) Taiwan Taiwan Taoyuan International Airp ort(Taipei) China Eastern Airlines(future member) China China Shanghai Hongqiao International AirportShanghai Pudong International Airport China Southern Airlines China China Beijing Capital International Airport Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Czech Airlines Czech Republic Prague Ruzyne Airport Delta Air Lines Netherlands USA USA USA USA USA USA France USA Japan Amsterdam Airport Schiphol HartsfieldJackson Atlanta International Airport Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Memphis International Airport Minneapolis-Saint capital of Minnesota International Airport John F. Kennedy International Airport(New York) Paris-Charles de Gaulle AirportSalt Lake City International Airport Narita International Airport(Tokyo) Garuda Indonesia(future member) Indonesia Indonesia Ngurah Rai International Airport(Denpasar) SoekarnoHatta International Airport(Jakarta) Kenya Airways Kenya Jomo Kenyatta International Airport(Nairobi) KLM Net herlands Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Korean Air South Korea South Korea Gimpo International Airport(Seoul) Incheon International Airport(Seoul) TAROM Romania Henri Coanda International Airport(Bucharest) Vietnam Airlines Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Noi Bai International Airport(Hanoi)Long Thanh International Airport(Ho Chi Minh City, future airdrome) Tan Son Nhat International Airport(Ho Chi Minh City) editCo-locations editAsia Airport Terminal Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 2 Narita International Airport(Tokyo) Terminal 1 North Wing, exceptChina Southern Airlines andVietnam Airlines(Terminal 2) Incheon International Airport(Seoul) Concourse A except,Korean Air(East Side of Main Terminal) editEurope Airport Terminal Henri Coanda International Airport(Bucharest) Terminal 1 Frankfurt Airport Terminal 2 London Heathrow Airport Terminal 4Madrid Barajas Airport Terminal 1 (International) Terminal 2 (European and domestic), exceptCzech AirlinesandTAROM(Terminal 4) Sheremetyevo International Airport(Moscow) Terminals D and E, exceptVietnam Airlines(Domodedovo International Airport) Charles de Gaulle Airport(Paris) Terminals 2E and 2F2 (International) Terminals 2D and 2F1 (European) 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F and 2G (Air France) Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport(Rome) Terminal 1 Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport Terminal 1, exceptAeroflot,Tarom, andAlitalia(Terminal 2) editNorth America Chicago OHare International Airport Terminal 5Airport Terminal Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport Concourses T, A, B, and D (Domestic) Concourse E (International) OHare International Airport(Chicago) Terminal 5, except Delta (Terminal 2) Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport Terminal 3 Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport Terminal D (KLM & Korean Air) Terminal E (Delta) Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport McNamara Terminal Mexico City International Airport Terminal 2, exceptAir FranceandKLM(Terminal 1) Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport T erminal 1 (future o-location) General Mariano Escobedo International Airport(Monterrey) Terminal B John F. Kennedy International Airport(New York) Terminals 1 and 4 (International) Terminals 2 and 3 (Domestic) San Francisco International Airport Terminal A (International) Terminals 1 B and C (Domestic) Los Angeles International Airport Terminals 2, 6, and TBIT (International) Terminal 5 (Domestic) SeattleTacoma International Airport South beam Terminal Toronto Pearson International Airport Terminal 3, exceptAlitalia(Terminal 1) editPremium statusSkyTeam has two premium directsEliteandElite Plusbased on a customers tier status in a member carriersfrequent-flyer program. Each of the member and associate airlines recognises the elite statuses, with a few exceptions. The statuses have no specific requirements of their own membership is based solely on the frequent-flyer programs of individual member airlines. Airline and Frequent Flyer Programme SkyTeam Elite Status SkyTeam Elite Plus Status Aeroflot Aeroflot Bonus58 Silver aureate Aeromexico Club Premier59 Gold Platinum Air EuropaAir France Kenya Airways KLM TAROM Flying Blue60 Silver Gold* Gold**Platinum Alitalia MilleMiglia61 Silver Ulisse Freccia Alata Freccia Alata Plus China Southern Airlines Sky tusk Club62 Silver Gold Platinum Czech Airlines OK Plus63 Silver Gold Platinum Delta Air Lines SkyMiles64 Silver laurel Gold Medallion Platinum Medallion Diamond Medallion Korean Air SKYPASS65 Morning Calm Premium Million Miler Vietnam Airlines Golden Lotus Plus66 TitaniumSilver Platinum *Gold US / Mexico residents **Gold non-US / Mexico residents editSkyTeamElite SkyTeam Elite status is awarded to customers who have reached the premium level of a member carriers frequent flyer program. Benefits of SkyTeam Elite membership * Priority reservations waitlisting * Priority airport secondary * Priority boarding * Priority check-in * Preferred seating editSkyTeamElite Plus SkyTeam Elite Plus status is awarded to cus tomers who have reached the higher premium level of a member carriers frequent flyer program. Benefits of SkyTeam Elite Plus membership * Priority reservations waitlisting Priority airport standby * Priority boarding * Priority airport check-in * Preferred seating * Priority baggage handling * Additional checked luggage allowance * Airport lounge access * Guaranteed reservations on cast aside flights * Express airport security (in some hub airports) - editSkyTeam special livery SkyTeam launched in 2009 a special livery celebrating its 10-year anniversary. The livery consisted of an all-metallic silverfuselageand a dark dingyempennagewith SkyTeams logo on it.On the fuselage however, the alliance emblem is painted on both sides. As of November 2010, 13 aircraft wear the SkyTeam livery. OK-JFL, anATR 42ofCzech Airlinesin special livery. (2009) Aircraft in SkyTeam livery67 Airline Country Aircraft Registration Completed Aeroflot Russia Airbus A330-300 VQ-BCQ October 2009 Aerolineas Ar gentinas Argentina TBA Pending Future Aeromexico Aeromexico Connect* Mexico Boeing 767-200ER Embraer ERJ-145 XA-JBC XA-CLI May 2009 November 2010 Air Europa Spain Boeing 737-800 Pending FutureAir France France Boeing 777-300ER F-GZNE June 2009 Alitalia Italy Boeing 767-300ER EI-DBP May 2009 China Airlines Republic of China TBA Pending Future China Eastern Airlines Peoples Republic of China TBA Pending Future China Southern Airlines Peoples Republic of China Boeing 777-200ER B-2056 June 2009 Czech Airlines Czech Republic ATR 42-500 OK-JFL May 2009 Delta Air Lines USA Boeing 767-400ER Boeing 757-200 N844MH N717TW April 2009 September 2009 Garuda Indonesia Indonesia TBA Pending Future Kenya Airways Kenya Boeing 737-800 Pending Future KLM Netherlands Boeing 777-300ERBoeing 737-900 PH-BVD PH-BXO August 2009 June 2010 Korean Air South Korea Boeing 777-200ER HL7733 October 2009 TAROM Romania Boeing 737-800 Pending Future Vietnam Airlines Vietnam Airbus A330-200 VN-A371 June 2010 * Aeromexi cos subsidiary now has a SkyTeam livery, making Aeromexico the only member of the alliance with a SkyTeam livery for its affiliate. - editFootnotes References 1. Our SkyTeam Carriers 2. SkyTeam Marks Major Milestones Toward A centralised Organization. SkyTeam. com. 25 July 2009. 3. Welcome to WTC. World Trade Center Schiphol. Retrieved on 10 February 2010. 4. SkyTeam Facts amp Figures. SkyTeam. Retrieved 6 October 2010. 5. abcdA History Of SkyTeam. breakingtravelpassword. com. 27/7/01. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 6. Delta, Alitalia partnership secure. Atlanta vexation Chronicle. 25/8/01. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 7. abSkyTeam (20/9/01). SkyTeam Welcomes KLM Application for Membership. struggle release. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 8. SkyTeam (11/6/03). SkyTeam Launches Enhanced Web Site to Improve the Passenger Experience. Press release.Retrieved 1 October 2010. 9. SkyTeam (24/5/04). SkyTeam Signs MOU With Aeroflot compact preliminary step in new member joining process. Pres s release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 10. Aeroflot plans to join SkyTeam alliance. Atlanta Business Chronicles. 24/5/04. Retrieved 2 October 2010. 11. Aeroflot eyes Sky Team membership. BBC News. 29/1/04. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 12. SkyTeam (28/8/04). SkyTeam Signs Agreement With China Southern Airlines Agreement preliminary step in new member joining process. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 13. abSkyTeam (13/9/04). Continental, KLM And Northwest Join The SkyTeam Alliance Solidifies Position as a Leading Global Alliance. Press release. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 14. NWA, KLM & Continental join Skyteam Alliance. mb. com. ph. 20/9/04. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 15. SkyTeam (14/4/06). http//www. skyteam. com/news/headlines/20060414. htmlAeroflot Joins the SkyTeam Alliance Tenth Member Strengthens Position as a Leading Global Alliance and Extends passageway Network Into High Growth Markets. Press release. Retrieved 2 October 2010. 16. Aeroflot sheds Soviet image to joi n SkyTeam. Forbes. 14/4/06/.Retrieved 4 October 2010. 17. SkyTeam Focused on Alliance victimisation as Portugalia Airlines Becomes Associate Airline Candidate China Southern Makes Progress Toward Membership Governing Board translates recruitment, network and services updatesfromwww. skyteam. com2 June 2006 18. SkyTeam (4/9/07). http//www. skyteam. com/news/headlines/20070903. htmlSkyTeam Strengthens Global Network with Addition of Three Associate Airlines Air Europa, Copa Airlines and Kenya Airways Officially Join SkyTeam Associate Program. Press release. Retrieved 2 October 2010. 19. Kenya Airways And Two Others Join Sky Team.AllAfrica. com. 6/9/07. 20. SkyTeam. com (15 November 2007). SkyTeam Welcomes China Southern Airlines as First Chinese Carrier. Press release. 21. abSkyTeam (1/4/09). SkyTeam name calling Managing Director, Introduces Aircraft pitch. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 22. Hensel, Bill (29/1/09). Continental to leave SkyTeam alliance in October. Chron. com. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 23. Continental Airlines To Leave SkyTeam For Star Alliance(Official Press Release June 19, 2008) 24. Continental plans United tie-up will leave SkyTeam for Star Alliance. Timesonline. co. uk. 20/6/08.Retrieved 17 November 2010. 25. SkyTeam (9/3/10). China Southern Airlines to Join Skyteam Cargo in 2010. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 26. SkyTeam (16/4/10). China Eastern to join SkyTeam. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 27. abSkyTeam (10/6/10). Vietnam Airlines Joins SkyTeam. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 28. abSkyTeam (22/6/10). SKYTEAM CELEBRATES TENTH ANNIVERSARY. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 29. SkyTeam triples membership in first decade, upgrades three airlines, signs pilot JV. Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation. 23/6/10. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 0. Cameron, Doug (22/6/10). SkyTeam Makes Kenya Airways, Air Europa Full Alliance Members. Retrieved 23 June 2010. dead link 31. SkyTeam. com 32. SkyTeam (8/7/10). S kyTeam Offers Lower Fares with Round the World Promotion. Press release. Retrieved 23 October 2010. 33. Skyteam. SKYTEAM NEWSFLASH AUGUST 2010. Press release. Retrieved 23 October 2010. 34. SkyTeam looking for new partners in Latin America, Asia and Africa. eTurboNews. 23/6/10. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 35. Delta says SkyTeam could invest more in JAL WSJ. Thomson Reuters(Forbes. com). 20/11/09. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 6. Japan Airlines Opts To Remain In Oneworld Alliance. AviationNews. 16/2/10. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 37. JAL to stay with American Airlines Reports. The Economic Times. 8/2/10. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 38. abSkyTeam (14/9/10). China Airlines Joins SkyTeam. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 39. SkyTeam (19/10/10). SkyTeam to Welcome Aerolineas Argentinas as Future Member. Press release. Retrieved 20 October 2010. 40. Aaron, Karp (20/10/10). Aerolineas Argentinas to become first SkyTeam member in South America. ATW Air Transport World. Retrieved 20 October 20 10. 41. Aerolineas Argentinas joins SkyTeam. eTravel Blackboard. /21/10/10. Retrieved 21 October 2010. 42. Shanghai Airlines to join SkyTeam alliance. TradingMarkets. com. 2/11/10. Retrieved 6 November 2010. 43. Skyteam (1/11/10). Shanghai Airlines To Become Part of SkyTeam. Press release. Retrieved 6 November 2010. 44. abSkyTeam (23/11/10). Garuda Indonesia Joins SkyTeam. Press release. Retrieved 24 November 2010. 45. SkyTeam Milestones(PDF). SkyTeam. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 46. Our SkyTeam Carriers. SkyTeam. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 47. Mutzabaugh, Ben (19/10/10). SkyTeam to add Aerolineas Argentinas.USA Today. Retrieved 19 October 2010. 48. China Eastern to join SkyTeam, SkyTeam press release, 16 April 2010 49. Govindasamy, Siva (19/11/10). Garuda to ink SkyTeam agreement next week. outflow Global. 50. Rangga D. Fadillah (19/11/10). Garuda Indonesia to join SkyTeam. Jakarta, Indonesia The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 20 November 2010. 51. 1 Aer Lingus Back in the Game, from Aviati on Week, 15 September 2010 52. Le Figaro Air Algerie to join SkyTeam 53. BA-IBERIA EYEING GULF AIR TAKEOVER. Gulf-daily-news. com. 7/9/10. Retrieved 30 October 2010. 54. Mathews, Neelam (27/10/10). Jet Airways Mulls Joining SkyTeam. Avationweek. com. Retrieved 29 October 2010. 55. Dunn, Graham (5/11/10). SkyTeam members could top 20 by 2012 chairman. Flight Global. Retrieved 6 November 2010. 56. Possible new membersfromatwonline. com, 3 April 2009 57. Saudia to join global alliancefromwww. arabnews. com4 November 2010 58. About Aeroflot Bonus. Aeroflot. 59. Club Premier. Aeromexico. 60. Flying Blue at a coup doeil. Air France. 61. Millemiglia. Alitalia. 62. About Sky Pearl Club. China Southern Airlines. 63. OK Plus. Czech Airlines. 64. About SkyMiles. Delta Air Lines. 5. SKYPASS. Korean Air. 66. Vietnam Airlines Membership Tiers 67. SKYTEAM Livery fact Sheet. SkyTeam. Bibliography * A History Of SkyTeam. breakingtravelnews. com. 27/7/01. Retrieved 30 September 2010. - editExternal links Wikimedia Commons has media related toSkyTeam Wikiquotehas a collection of quotations related toSkyteam Netherlands entrance Aviation portal * Official SkyTeam website * SkyTeam Cargo showvdeCommercial air travel Anairline allianceis an agreement between two or moreairlinesto help on a substantial level.The three largest passenger alliances are theStar Alliance,SkyTeamandOneworld. Alliances also form betweencargo airlines, such as that ofWOW Alliance,SkyTeam CargoandANA/UPS Alliance. Alliances provide a network of connectivity and convenience for international passengers and international packages. Alliances also provide convenient marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airlinecodeshareconnections within countries. This branding goes as far as to even include unifiedaircraft liveriesamong member airlines. Contentshide * 1Rationale * 2Issues * 3History * 4Alliances * 4. Notes * 5References - editRationale Benefits can consist of * An extended and optimi sed network this is often realised throughcode sharingagreements. Many alliances started as only a code sharing network. * greet reduction from sharing of * Sales offices * Maintenance facilities * Operational facilities, e. g. catering or computer systems. * Operational staff, e. g. ground handling personnel, at check-in and boarding desks. * Investments and purchases, e. g. in order to negotiate extra volume discounts. * Traveler benefits can include Lower prices due to lowered operational costs for a given route. * much departure times to choose from on a given route. * More destinations within easy reach. * Shorter travel times as a result of optimised transfers. * A wider range ofairport loungesshared with alliance members * Faster mileage rewards by earning miles for a single account on several different carriers. * Round-the-world tickets, enabling travelers to fly over the world for a relatively low price. Airline alliances may also create disadvantages for the traveler, s uch as * Higher prices when all competition is erased on a certain route. Less frequent flights for instance, if two airlines separately fly three and two times a day respectively on a shared route, their alliance might fly less than 5(3+2) times a day on the same route. This might be especially true between hub cities for each airline. e. g. , flights between Detroit (a Delta Air Linesfortress hub) and Amsterdam (a KLM fortress hub). - editIssues The ability of an airline to join an alliance is often restricted by laws and regulations or base to approval by authorities. Antitrustlaws play a large role.Landing rights may not be owned by the airlines themselves but by the nation in which their head office resides. If an airline loses its national identity by merging to a large extent with a foreign company, existing agreements may be declared void by a country which objects to the merger. In 2010 Swiss lost overflight rights after being bought by Lufthansa1. - editHistory The first airline alliance started in the 1930s, whenPan American-Grace Airwaysand parent companyPan American World Airwaysagreed to exchange routes toLatin America.The first large alliance started in 1989, when Northwest and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines agreed to code sharing on a large scale. A huge step was taken in 1992 when The Netherlands signed the firstopen skiesagreement with the United States, in spite of objections from theEuropean Unionauthorities. This gave both countries unrestricted landing rights on each others soil. Normally landing rights are granted for a fixed number of flights per week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment takes negotiating, often between governments rather than between the companies involved.